Addressing climate change on a global scale requires rethinking societal foundations, particularly economic systems. While climate change poses significant risks to businesses, it also presents opportunities for those willing to adapt and innovate—potentially enabling a more active role in global governance.

On 16 May 2025, the symposium Climate Policy in a Turbulent World: Complementary Perspectives at SCAS brought together academics, government representatives, and business leaders to discuss the challenges and opportunities of our turbulent times regarding climate change.

At the heart of transformative change lies the need for partnerships across different sectors. Creating an ecosystem where all actors contribute toward sustainability—while mutually benefiting—relies on collaboration. Scientists and scholars provide vital data to inform governance and policy; trust in this data encourages action, which in turn incentivizes businesses and promotes sustainability as a core business model.

Building and maintaining this ecosystem demands a fundamental rethinking of our world and lifestyles. The system must be resilient enough to withstand threats and counter interests that undermine sustainability.

Tensions, Transformations, Opportunities

One of the greatest challenges to mitigating global warming and achieving sustainability goals is the fossil fuel industry, which stands to lose the most from a transition to clean energy. As the transformation accelerates, resistance from vested interests is likely to grow.

Our modern society’s prosperity is built on fossil fuels, making the transition a complex, often uncomfortable process for both corporations and individuals. Right-wing populist parties exploit public concerns by promising simple solutions to complex problems. The rise of autocratic regimes and authoritarian populism not only threatens democracy but also undermines scientific research and climate policies—leading to setbacks, delays, and dismantling efforts.

There is no single “magic bullet” or universal solution. Instead, tailored approaches—such as multilateral and bilateral agreements—are essential. For example, Sweden and India are collaborating to reduce emissions from steel production. While such initiatives are promising, we must avoid complacency and resist stagnation—what some call “polititis”: pilot projects that remain small-scale or unimplemented.

Many believe technological innovation can solve the climate crisis. Indeed, advancements in solar, wind, and water energy have made green technologies more efficient and affordable, offering significant potential for increased energy production—if properly incentivized.

However, some technological solutions only offer short-term relief and may introduce long-term risks. Geo-engineering, such as injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to temporarily cool the Earth, exemplifies this. Although it could provide immediate relief, it requires ongoing intervention; stopping would cause rapid warming. Many scientists oppose such methods, emphasizing the importance of scientific integrity—sometimes positioning scientists as inadvertent activists in the fight against unproven or risky solutions.

Crises can also present opportunities. The ongoing war in Ukraine and recent shifts in American politics have underscored Europe’s need for greater energy independence and resilient supply chains—be it for energy, food, or goods. Rapid transformations are possible when driven by necessity, and the upheaval of old alliances can foster new, stronger collaborations.

The pace and scope of climate action have increased markedly in recent years. Discussions often revolve around the interdependence of governance, business interests, the economy, and individual well-being. More dialogue, knowledge-sharing, and education are crucial. Ultimately, informed decision-making depends on both facts and a shared sense of civic duty. The concept of Anthropocene Bildung - combining the notion of the Anthropocene with the German idea of Bildung (broad education) - advocates for lifelong learning accessible to all, fostering a foundation of shared knowledge and responsibility.

”Don’t give up” could be a leading motto - in challenging times, resilience is key. We must continue strengthening existing alliances and developing new collaborations that listen, support, and adapt together.

Text by Natalie von der Lehr